Arthropod phylogeny: onychophoran brain organisation suggests an archaic relationship with a chelicerate stem lineage.
Nicholas J. Strausfeld1, Camilla Mok Strausfeld1, Rudi Loesel2, David Rowell3,
and Sally Stowe4.

 

CHARACTER LIST AND DESCRIPTION

 

  Character Description
1 Lateralized nerve cords
2 Absence of antennaform appendages but cephalized
3 Single pair of antennaform appendages innervating neuromere 1
4 Antennular (1st antenna) appendages
5 Post-tritocerebral commissures above and below gut
6 Peripheral synapses
7 Subesophageal ganglia incompletely fused at midline
8 Body ganglia generally isomorphic (homonymous)
9 Pterothoracic neuropil
10 One or more thoracic ganglia fused
11 Discrete subesophageal ganglion, but distinct from body ganglia
12 Supraesophageal and subesophageal ganglia completely fused
13 Subesophageal ganglion fused to thoracic ganglia
14 Neuropils contiguous between body ganglia, including within postoral nerve cords
15 Segmental ganglia serving abdominal segments
16 Six leg neuromeres    
17 Neuropils in brain generally heterolateral and contiguous across mid-line  
18 Neuropil in brain are lateralized and linked heterolaterally by tracts  
19 Generally uniform somata other than motor neurons or some giant neurons    
20 Obvious clustering of neuronal somata into groups    
21 Uniquely identifiable bilateral pairs of somatal clusters    
22 Discrete neuropil islets contributing to cluster of similar islets ("glomeruli")    
23 Glomeruli belonging to preoral neuromeres    
24 Glomeruli supplied from frontal non appendicular appendages    
25 Afferents to glomeruli from single antennae pair    
26 Afferents to glomeruli from 1sr pair of antennae    
27 Afferents to glomeruli from pedipalps    
28 Afferents to glomeruli from modified 1st walking leg pair    
29 Afferents to glomeruli from locations caudal to legs    
30 Afferents to glomeruli from leg pair other than 1st    
31 Afferents to glomeruli from several leg pairs    
32 Glomerular neuropils receiving afferents from mouthparts              
33 Glomeruli located in posterior thoracic neuromeres              
34 Glomeruli located in anterior thoracic neuromeres              
35 Glomeruli located in several neuromeres              
36 Ball-like glomeruli            
37 Compound glomeruli              
38 Wedge-shaped glomeruli              
39 Glomeruli not directly supplied by afferents (accessory glomeruli)              
40 Tracts from preoral glomeruli project homolaterally              
41 Tracts from preoral glomeruli project heterolaterally              
42 Striate neuropil supplied by second antennae axons              
43 Striate neuropil supplied by single antennae axons              
44 Densely aggregated basophilic somata (globuli cells; gcs)            
45 Dense neuropil in eyestalk supplied by gcs (hemiellipsoid body)              
46 Dense stalk/lobed neuropil supplied by gcs, but no obvious dendrites            
47 Dense stalked/lobed neuropil comprising parallel fibers              
48 Dense lobed neuropil accompanied by discrete satellite lobe (lobelet)
49 Dense lobed neuropil extends one or more lobes heterolaterally
50 Dense lobed neuropil components homolateral
51 Dense lobed neuropil, lobes supplied from glomeruli
52 Dense lobed neuropil, lobes supplied by cerebral interneurons
53 Specialized dendritic neuropil surmounting dense lobed neuropil (calyx)
54 Calyx comprises separated double cups
55 Calyx comprises fused double cup
56 Calyx includes turban-like component
57 Calyx simple
58 Stalked calyx-less neuropil, but lobes elongated
59 Stalked neuropil, with swollen outgrowths (lobulate)
60 Stalked neuropil, but elongated folded
61 Stalked neuropil, but lobes divided into several parallel discrete units
62 Stalked neuropil, lobes internally coherent
63 Stalked neuropil, lobes divergent
64 Head (not calyx) of lobes supplied by visual afferents
65 Calyx supplied by optic lobe neuropils
66 Calyx supplied by striate neuropils
67 One or more lobes recurrent, everted into calyx
68 Preoral neuropils continue across brain with no unpaired medial region
69 Preoral unpaired midline neuropil columnar with < 50 columnar neurons
70 Minute, but unique preoral midline neuropil
71 Horseshoe-shaped midline neuropil dosoposterior in forebrain (arcuate body)
72 Supply to midline neuropil dorsal and heterolateral
73 Supply to midline neuropil ventral and heterolateral
74 Midline neuropil is fan-shaped or lenticular
75 Posterior mid-line neuropil with bridge between protocerebral lobes
76 Paired ball-like centers linked to mid-line neuropil
77 Midline neuropil directly supplied by optic center
78 Midline neuropil surmounted by discrete layer connected to protocerebral lobes
79 Midline neuropil supplied by paired posterior centers but no bridge
80 Midline neuropil and posterior bridge linked by chiasmata
81 Posterior bridge lateralized
82 Posterior bridge split
83 Posterior bridge isomorphically equipped with dendrites
84 Midline neuropil accompanied by anterior toroidal region
85 Anterior region of midline neuropil arch-shaped
86 Mid-line neuropil folia pronounced
87 Mid-line neuropil modestly foliate
88 Mid-line folia less than eight pairs
89 Midline folia diffuse/indistinguishable
90 Mid-line neuropil folia indistinguishable
91 simple eyes
92 Triplet ocelli
93 Ocelli flattened, paired
94 Single lens eyes
95 Multiple facet eyes (tetraconeate)
96 Stemmatal eyes sensu Paulus
97 Specialized optic neuropil absent
98 Single retinotopic neuropil
99 Two retinotopic neuropils
100 Three retinotopic neuropils
101 Tectum-like optic neuropil receiving uncrossed axons
102 Second neuropil tangentially divided into outer/inner parts (Cuccati bundle)
103 Deepest optic lobe neuropil columnar
104 Deepest optic lobe neuropil glomerular
105 Deepest optic lobe neuropil without either attributes of 98,99
106 Retinotopy coarsened 1:1+n columns in deep optic lobe neuropil
107 Two optic chiasma
108 Crossovers are chunks of axons not true chiasmata
109 Uncrossed axons amongst two retinotopic neuropils
110 Uncrossed axons amongst three retinotopic neuropils
111 Tectum-like neuropil has its perikarya ventral
112 Tectum-like neuropil has its perikarya dorsal
113 Large tangential axons in tectal optic neuropil
114 Chiasmata present but terminal optic neuropils fused to protocerebrum
115 Apposition eyes
116 Superposition eyes
117 Neural superposition eyes
118 Two halves of ventral ganglia not fused but linked by connectives

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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© 2003 - Strausfeld Lab, ARL Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona