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Genetic Control of Development of the Mushroom Bodies,
the Associative Learning Centers in the Drosohphila Brain,
by the eyeless, twin of eyeless, and dachshund Genes
in Drosophila
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Mitsuhiko Kurusu1, Tomoko Nagao1,
Uwe Walldorf2, Susanne Flister3,
Walter J. Gehring3 and Katsuo Furukubo-Tokunaga
1
1Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
2Institute of Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, German
3Department of Cell Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
Originially published in: Kurusu, et al., 2000, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA, 97:2140-2144.
Correspondence: tokunaga@sakura.cc.tsukuba.ac.jp
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Summary
Mushroom bodies are the centers for olfactory associative learning and elementary
cognitive functions in the Drosophila brain (ref. 1). By high-resolution
neuroanatomy, we show that eyeless (ey; ref. 2), twin of eyeless (toy; ref. 3)
and dachshund (dac; ref. 4), which are implicated in eye development, also are
expressed in the developing MBs. Mutations of ey completely disrupted the MB
neuropils and a null mutation of dac resulted in marked disruption and aberrant
axonal projections. Genetic analyses demonstrated that, whereas ey and dac
synergistically control the structural development of the MBs, the two genes are
regulated independently in the course of MB development. These data argue for a
distinct combinatorial code of regulatory genes for MBs as compared with eye
development and suggest conserved roles of Pax6 homologs (refs. 5-7) in the
genetic programs of the olfactory learning centers of complex brains.
Figure 1 - Development of the mushroom bodies
Figure 2 - Expression of Nuclear Regulatory Genes in the Embryonic MB Primordia
Figure 3 - Expression of Nuclear Regulatory Genes in the Larval MBs
Figure 4 - Structural Defects of Larval and Pupal MBs
Figure 5 - Expression of EY and DAC in Mutant Backgrounds
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Development